What amendment says all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are U.S. citizens?

Why this is the answer

The 14th Amendment is the one that defines who is a citizen. Its first sentence says that all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to its jurisdiction, are citizens of the United States and of the state where they live. Congress passed it on June 13, 1866, and it was ratified on July 9, 1868, in the years after the Civil War. It belongs to a group of amendments written right after the war. The 13th, ratified in December 1865, abolished slavery. The 14th answered a different question, who counts as a citizen, and its answer is birth or naturalization in the country. The same section goes further: no state may take away the privileges of citizens, deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or deny anyone within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Those two phrases, due process and equal protection, protect every person, not only citizens. For an applicant, this amendment is personal. The study guide lists the ways a person becomes a citizen: being born in the United States under the conditions set by the 14th Amendment, deriving citizenship under conditions Congress sets, or naturalizing, which is the path you are on. When you raise your right hand and take the Oath of Allegiance at your ceremony, the amendment's words "or naturalized" start to describe you. The question is long, and it gives away the answer to anyone who knows the amendment's text, because it quotes it almost word for word. The only answer USCIS accepts is "the 14th Amendment." The neighboring numbers are the real risk. The 13th ended slavery, and the 15th, ratified in 1870, barred the federal government and the states from denying the vote because of race, color or past enslavement. A simple sequence keeps them straight after the war: 13 freed, 14 made citizens, 15 protected the vote. When the officer starts reading "all persons born or naturalized," you already know it is 14.